来源：NTU
OVERVIEW
This M.Sc. Course is jointly offered by Nanyang Technological University and Singapore General Hospital.
Biomedical Engineeing (BME) is the application of engineering to biology and medicine, involving:
· Engineering instrumentation for the accurate collection of anatomical and physiological data;
· Signal and image processing of this data;
· Engineering analysis and modelling of biomedical phenomena and processes, such as the function of normal and diseased organs and systems;
· Engineering of prostheses, orthoses, organ-assist devices, artificial organs and tissue engineering.
Its aim is to improve human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice. BME entails:
· Acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative application of experimental and analytical engineering techniques. · Development of new devices, analysis of biomedical processes and systems, and development of algorithms for better assessment of medical practice and more efficient health care delivery.
Biomedical engineers may work as part of a multidisciplinary team in hospitals, industry, or academia.? In the hospital, a biomedical engineer may undertake a variety of roles, including:
· Maintaining and repairing medical equipment.
· Providing customised devices to meet clinical needs.
· Facilitating diagnosis by signal processing of physiological data (e.g. ECG and EEG) and image processing of biomedical images (Radiography, Ultrasound or Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
· Using biomedical engineering analyses to quantify the effects and degree of a patient's condition.
· Developing innovative rehabilitation devices and procedures for disabled patients.
· Applying logistics and management principles to ensure efficient, cost effective and timely patient care.
In industry, biomedical engineers work as part of a multidisciplinary team including biologists, physicians, lawyers and regulatory experts to:· Research, develop and test new medical devices and components.
· Ensure the safe and consistent manufacture of medical devices and medicines.
· Develop standard testing methods for biomedical devices.
· Perform failure mode and effects analysis of monitoring, diagnostic, rehabilitation devices and prostheses.
· Assist with preparing technical and marketing materials.
· Work with researchers and manufacturers to ensure that devices can be manufactured.
In Singapore, biomedical engineers also work in research institutes, universities and polytechnics.? Well-trained biomedical engineers usually have a strong background in engineering, biology and medicine, combined with a specific area of expertise, so that they can interact effectively with doctors and healthcare providers. This M.Sc. course is designed to provide a well-rounded knowledge of the core subjects of biomedical engineering, and is tailored to prepare students for a professional biomedical engineering career through specialised elective courses, in addition to a research project.
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Candidates must possess a good Bachelor's degree in Mechanical, Manufacturing, Production, Electrical or Electronic Engineering, Applied Science, Sciences, Medical Sciences or other equivalent qualifications. Preference will be given to those with relevant working or postgraduate experience. An average TOEFL score of 570 for graduates from universities with non-English medium of instruction.
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
This programme is conducted on a semester basis. Candidates are now offered with 2 Options of Study:
Option 1 : Coursework and Dissertation
Candidates are required to complete 8 subjects, with a combination of 4 core subjects and 4 electives, and submit a dissertation on a project.
Option 2: Coursework only
Candidates are required to complete 10 subjects, with a combination of 4 core subjects, 5 electives, and a compulsory subject entitled ‘ Independent Research' .
Each subject is covered in 39 hours and usually consists of 13 lectures of 3 hours each. Classes are usually held in the evenings on week days. Examinations are held during office-hours at the end of each semester.
The programme of study can be completed within a minimum of 1 year for full-time students and 2 years for part-time students and a maximum of 2 years for full-time students and 4 years for part-time student.
SUBJECTS OF STUDY
1) Core Subjects
The following four subjects must be taken by all students :
Either M6511 Anatomy and Physiology or
M6512 Engineering Methods in Biomedical Engineering
M6513 Biomaterials and Biomechanics
M6503 Biomedical Instrumentation
M6505 Clinical Engineering
2) Electives
The four electives shall be selected from the following, of which at least three of the subjects must be from Elective Module A :
Elective Module A
M6522 Life Support Engineering
M6523 Biomedical Signal Processing
M6524 Surgical Assist Technology
M6525 Medical Informatics & Telemedicine
M6526 Rehabilitation Engineering
M6528 3D Medical Image Reconstruction & Visualization
M6530 Biomaterials II
M6531 Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Sports Engineering
Elective Module B
M6134 Finite Element Analysis
M6544 Health Care Systems &? Management
M6545 Computational & Clinical Biology
M6601 Human Factors Engineering Fundamentals
M6806 Engineering Research Methodology
3) Compulsory Subject for Option 2 of Study:
M6588 Independent Research
Note: Curriculum is subject to changes. Not all electives will be offered at the same time.
CONTENT OF SUBJECTS
M6134
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Basic concepts of finite element method. Discrete systems. Formulation of numerical solutions. Interpolation theory and natural coordinates. Numerical integration. Boundary value problems: steady state heat conduction, elasticity and low speed fluid flows. Patch test. Computer implementation of finite element. Initial-boundary value problems: transient heat conduction, dynamic and electronic packaging. Solution methods: semi-analytical methods and time discretization approach. Non-linear finite element analysis and parallel computing.
M6503
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Introduction to Medical Instrumentation, Transducers and the Measurement of Physiological Events, Chemical Biosensors, Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation, Electrodes and Bioelectric Events, Stimulators and Stimulation, Lasers and Medical Optics, Radiant Energy Devices, Computer, Interfacing and Electrical Safety of Medical Instrumentation System.
M6505
CLINICAL ENGINEERING
Diagnostic bioengineering. Reconstructive surgery and rehabilitation medicine. Intensive care and life support technology. Medical statistics. Legal aspects of medical devices and implants.
M6511
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Foundation; Support and Movement - the Articular Skeleton; Cell Biology; Tissues, Organs and Systems; Physiology of the Nervous System; Control Systems of the Human Body; Variability in Human Biology.
M6512
ENGINEERING METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Overview of engineering mathematics, solid mechanics, and dynamics. Viscous fluid flow. Mass and energy transport. Electricity and electronics. Introduction to signals and systems.
M6513
BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMECHANICS
Biomaterials: Overview of materials, structures and properties. Metals and ceramics used in medical applications. Polymers used in medical applications. Natural biomaterials. Biodegradation of materials. Biocompatibility evaluation and screening. Biomechanics: Bone mechanics. Biomechanics of musculoskeletal soft tissue. Biomechanics of upper and lower limbs. Biomechanics of the spine.
M6522
LIFE SUPPORT ENGINEERING
Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of physiological and other biomedical systems; application of ordinary and partial differential equations. Bioheat (micro & macro) and biomass transfer models (by diffusion and convection). Benchmarking of bioheat equation for numerical simulation. Principles of thermal imaging, image processing, thermal physiology and skin. Medical applications of thermography, preparation of patient, clinical implications. General circulation. Mass transport in the lungs. Circulation and Function of Kidneys. Hepatic Circulation and Function. Hazards associated with the extra corporeal Circulation. Biomaterials issues in artificial organs. Operating principles of the heart-lung machine. Operating principles of the dialyser. Modeling of dialysis processes. Cardiovascular medicaine and surgery. Cardiac and Vascular Surgery. Cadiac assist device engineering.
M6523
BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Introductions to the origins of biomedical signals; challenges in acquisition and interpretation; time and frequency domain representation; Filter Design and applications; Random signals and stochastic processes; parametric and nonparametric estimation of power spectral density; case studies: instrumentation, signal acquisition, analysis and interpretation in a hospital sleep diagnostic laboratory. Time-frequency and time-scale analysis of biomedical signals; case studies: signals in a hospital ICU/operating theater. Adaptive processing of biomedical signals and applications. Emerging techniques in medical signal processing. Application case studies: EEG/EMG and evoked potentials.
M6524
SURGICAL ASSIST TECHNOLOGY
Introduction to robotics, robotics for medical interventions and surgical robots. Their applications in operation theatre and roles of computers in medicine and surgery. Rapid prototyping in medicine, surgery and medical models. Medical data segmentation and Computer visualization in medicine.
M6525
MEDICAL INFORMATICS & TELEMEDICINE
Introduction to Medical Informatics, Introduction to Networking, Object Oriented Design and Modeling, Electronic Medical Records, Derivatives of a Computer Based Patient Record, Nursing Information Systems, Diagnostic Reporting Systems, Standards for Medical System, Terminology and Coding Systems in Medicine, Telemedicine, Medical Imaging, Decision Support, Bioinformatics, Ethics and Confidentiality.
M6526
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING
Overview of biomedical engineering to Rehabilitation Engineering; the design and prescription of prosthetic limbs, orthotic devices, and seating & positioning systems. Introduction to injuries, disability, human movement, kinesiology, biomechanics. Gait analysis, prosthetics, orthotics and mobility assistive technology. Improvement of performance and prevention of injuries.
M6528
3D MEDICAL IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION & VISUALIZATION
Anatomy's 3-dimensional information to clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. 3D reconstruction and visualization of anatomical structures. Introduction to various imaging modalities for diagnosis: x-ray, computed-tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) / functional MR (fMR), ultrasound and nuclear-medicine imaging. Principles and methods of computer system for reconstructing and presenting 3D anatomic structures based on imaging modalities, with the focus on 3D computer graphics technologies such as volumetric data representation, iso-surface extraction and volume rendering. Development and clinical applications of these technologies.
M6530
BIOMATERIALS II
Blood contacting biomaterials, mechanical testing, surface characterisation, plasma spraying, wear, cell structure, cell adhesion, applications of tissue engineering.
M6531
ORTHOPAEDIC BIOMECHANICS & SPORTS ENGINEERING
Introduction to clinical biomechanics. External reaction forces and moments. Clinical gait analysis. Kinematics. Muscle mechanics. Joint mechanics. Design, mechanics, and testing of orthopaedic implants. Optimisation methods in biomechanics. Instrumentation of sports equipment. Athletic events I. Sports injuries. Athletic events II.
M6544
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS & MANAGEMENT
Health systems administration, health systems planning & development and health systems quality. Knowledge and skills needed to address the health care needs of multiple and diverse populations in health care community. Managerial skills and leadership abilities to professionals for existing career enhancement or to pursue new avenues in health care management.
M6545
COMPUTATIONAL & CLINICAL BIOLOGY
An introductory course on computational biology. Background of molecular structures and biochemistry. Techniques in cell and molecular biology. Fundamentals of molecular biology and biological analysis. Principles of computational biology. Computing techniques for molecular biology. Applications in clinical biology.
M6588
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
This a creative subject based on an issue, case study, problem or an area of interest related to the programme. The candidate is required to propose and undertake an independent supervised research on a topic of study subject to the agreement of the Programme Director. The candidate will have to demonstrate expertise in the topic of study, together with creativity, diligence and critical thinking in addressing the problems and issues on the topic.
M6601
HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
This course provides the students with the necessary background and fundamentals of human factors engineering for the programme. The topics include: Overview of human factors and its design process. Cognitive Human Factors and Human Computer Interaction. Human Machine Interaction. Physical Human Factors and Ergonomics. Organizational Aspects and Macro Ergonomics. Environmental Aspects.
M6806
ENGINEERING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Preparation, planning, research sources review and data analysis. Analysis of experimental and quasi-experimental methods. Presentation of research findings.

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